Editorial standards

Editorial method and transparency

How Atlarium selects sources, verifies technical data, updates profiles, and distinguishes editorial content, product data, and community contributions.

Our editorial remit

Atlarium publishes practical, evidence-aware information for aquarists. Our goal is to make complex topics easier to understand without turning uncertainty into false certainty. A profile, guide, or tool can help readers formulate better questions and make more informed choices, but it is not a substitute for professional diagnosis, local regulation, or individual animal assessment.

  • We separate documented facts, editorial interpretation, and community experience.
  • We write for freshwater, brackish, marine, and terrestrial aquarium keepers with different levels of experience.
  • We do not promise a result from a care practice, product, or calculation.

Authorship and responsibility

Curated content is published by the Atlarium editorial team. Community pages identify their author separately and are not presented as editorially reviewed Atlarium copy. Where a named author, contributor, or external source is shown, that attribution explains who is responsible for that contribution; it does not transfer responsibility for the rest of the page.

  • Editorially curated pages identify Atlarium’s editorial responsibility.
  • Community contributions remain visibly distinct from reviewed editorial copy.
  • We correct attribution when a contributor or source has been identified incorrectly.

Sources and verification

For taxonomy, biology, and husbandry parameters we prioritize scientific databases, specialist literature, and official documentation. We use sources that are appropriate to the claim: a taxonomic authority is not automatically sufficient for a care recommendation, and a manufacturer sheet is not independent evidence of performance. Available sources are linked from each profile whenever they are available.

  • Primary research, recognised databases, and official documentation take priority over summaries.
  • Specialist books and established husbandry references can add context when primary evidence is limited.
  • Search snippets, unsourced reposts, and anonymous claims are not treated as evidence on their own.

Evidence, estimates, and uncertainty

Aquarium knowledge is often incomplete, conditional, or contested. Natural ranges can vary by locality, captive husbandry can depend on the system, and older references may use superseded names or methods. When evidence conflicts, we avoid selecting a convenient answer simply to make a profile look complete. Estimates and ranges are presented as such, and missing data remains missing until it can be supported.

  • Ranges describe a useful context, not a universal target for every aquarium.
  • Conflicting, provisional, or estimated values are labelled rather than silently harmonised.
  • We revise claims when stronger or more relevant evidence becomes available.

Editorial review before publication

A page is reviewed for clarity, internal consistency, source fit, and scope before it is treated as editorial content. Review is proportionate to the subject: an identity correction and a medical-safety claim do not carry the same risk. We aim to make the basis and limits of a claim understandable to a reader rather than merely accumulating citations.

  • Key names, units, ranges, and warnings are checked against the supporting material.
  • We remove or qualify claims that cannot be supported well enough for the context.
  • Editorial review does not mean that every statement is permanently settled or universally applicable.

Products and independence

Product profiles describe technical characteristics and manufacturer data. A product appearing in the catalogue is not an editorial endorsement, a guarantee of suitability, or a recommendation to buy. An estimated price is not a sales offer and is not presented as commercial availability. We do not invent ratings, reviews, tests, or endorsements.

  • Manufacturer specifications are attributed to the manufacturer and may change without notice.
  • Compatibility depends on the aquarium, installation, livestock, and local availability; readers should verify these before purchase.
  • Any material commercial relationship affecting editorial content should be disclosed clearly where the content appears.

Reviews and updates

Pages are revisited when new evidence, an error report, a relevant product change, or a taxonomy update calls for it. Public modification dates and lastmod signals change only when indexable content changes or a recorded editorial review occurs. Deployments, social counters, and technical writes do not create false freshness.

  • A date tells readers that the published content changed or was editorially reviewed; it is not a claim of comprehensive revalidation.
  • Routine technical maintenance does not reset a page’s visible editorial freshness.
  • Older pages may remain available while they await review; readers should consider the stated evidence and context.

Community content and discussion

The community is valuable for observations, practical setups, and questions that deserve attention. Community posts can inform future editorial research, but publication by a member does not convert an anecdote into verified guidance. We preserve the distinction so readers can understand whether they are reading a documented reference, an editorial synthesis, or a keeper’s experience.

  • Authors of community pages are identified separately where that information is available.
  • Personal reports are useful context but should not be generalized automatically to other animals or systems.
  • We may edit or remove content that is misleading, unsafe, unlawfully sourced, or incorrectly attributed.

Health, welfare, and safety

Information about health, treatment, disease, and emergency conditions is educational. It cannot diagnose an individual animal or replace a qualified veterinarian, aquatic specialist, or local authority. Welfare comes before novelty or convenience: readers should not use a page as a reason to delay help when animals show distress, serious symptoms, or rapid decline.

  • Dosages, treatments, and handling practices require careful checking for the species and the actual system.
  • Urgent symptoms, poisoning risks, and animal-welfare concerns call for professional or local expert support.
  • We avoid presenting a single protocol as safe for every species, life stage, or aquarium.

Corrections

Reports and corrections are checked before integration. A useful report identifies the page, the exact claim, and—when possible—the source or observation that supports the correction. We assess the report, update verified information, and retain uncertainty where the evidence does not support a definitive replacement. Corrections are part of the editorial process, not an exception to it.

  • Use the contact channels shown on Atlarium to report a factual error, broken source, or outdated specification.
  • We welcome precise, good-faith corrections and may ask for further context before changing a page.
  • We do not remove well-supported information solely because it is inconvenient or disputed without evidence.

Media kit

Press assets, ready in every language.

Download real product screens and share images for each Atlarium language from one place. The library covers the home experience, species profiles, games, and the aquarium configurator; every edition is available here, whatever language you are browsing in.

Bibliography and data provenance

Scientific references and data sources

This bibliography lists each named source once when it has a reviewed provenance record. The short description explains the source’s scientific role and why Atlarium uses that type of evidence; workflow notes and technical retrieval details are deliberately kept out of the public page. 167 distinct reviewed sources are currently indexed.

  1. Acta Biológica Paranaense — Universidade Federal do Paraná

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  2. American Arachnological Society / Journal of Arachnology

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  3. American Museum of Natural History — Amphibian Species of the World

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  4. American Museum of Natural History, Amphibian Species of the World

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  5. Amphibian Ark / Panamanian Golden Frog Husbandry Manual

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  6. Amphibian Species of the World — American Museum of Natural History

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  7. Amphibian Species of the World (American Museum of Natural History)

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  8. Amphibian Species of the World (American Museum of Natural History) — Pelobatrachus nasutus (Schlegel, 1858)

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  9. Amphibian Species of the World (American Museum of Natural History) — Peltophryne peltocephala (Tschudi, 1838)

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  10. Amphibian Species of the World (American Museum of Natural History) — Theloderma stellatum Taylor, 1962

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  11. Amphibian Species of the World (American Museum of Natural History) — Triturus ivanbureschi Arntzen and Wielstra, 2013

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  12. Amphibian Species of the World 6.2 — Rhacophorus reinwardtii

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  13. Amphibian Species of the World, American Museum of Natural History

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  14. Animal Diversity Web — Mastigoproctus giganteus

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  15. Animal Diversity Web — Necturus maculosus (mudpuppy)

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  16. Animal Diversity Web — Pachydactylus rangei

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  17. Animal Diversity Web — Phidippus audax

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  18. Animal Diversity Web — Plethodon glutinosus (slimy salamander)

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  19. Animal Diversity Web — Siren intermedia

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  20. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  21. Behavioural Processes — Nisani & Hayes (2015)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  22. Biodiversity Data Journal — Species conservation profiles of tarantula spiders

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  23. Bland, McLaren & Trimmings (2021), The Herpetological Bulletin — Husbandry and captive reproduction of the giant Mexican leaf frog Agalychnis dacnicolor

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  24. Boletín Científico Museo de Historia Natural — tropical dry forest spider-diversity study

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  25. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology — D'Ávila et al. (2007)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  26. British Arachnological Society / Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  27. British Herpetological Society, The Herpetological Bulletin

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  28. British Myriapod and Isopod Group

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  29. British Myriapod and Isopod Group (BMIG)

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  30. Büscher, Quigley & Gorb (2020), Insects

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  31. Canadian Journal of Zoology — Philip & Shillington (2010)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  32. Catalogue of Life

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  33. Cells — Richards et al. (2023)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  34. CITES — AC23 Doc. 8.4 (Mantella baroni)

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  35. CITES — Non-detriment Findings Guidance, module 14

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  36. Citizen Conservation

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  37. Çolak & Karataş (2013), Euscorpius — Marshall University repository

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  38. CONICET Digital / Acta Oecologica — Phyllomedusa sauvagii oviposition study

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  39. COSEWIC / Environment and Climate Change Canada — status report (2014)

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  40. EAZA Giant Salamanders Husbandry Guidelines

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  41. Ecology / Ecological Society of America

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  42. Edinburgh Zoo — Sun beetle

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  43. EPPO Global Database

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  44. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  45. EUNIS

    Scientific biodiversity database, used for curated taxon-specific data that can be checked against its original record.

  46. EUNIS (European Environment Agency)

    Scientific biodiversity database, used for curated taxon-specific data that can be checked against its original record.

  47. Europe PMC — peer-reviewed Brazilian Theraphosidae toxicology review

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  48. Europe PMC — peer-reviewed Helleria brevicornis study

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  49. Europe PMC — peer-reviewed Hottentotta judaicus venom study

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  50. Europe PMC — peer-reviewed Lychas mucronatus venom study

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  51. Europe PMC — primary peer-reviewed article

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  52. Euscorpius — Notes on the diet and reproduction of Centruroides gracilis

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  53. FishBase

    Scientific biodiversity database, used for curated taxon-specific data that can be checked against its original record.

  54. Fitch et al. (2010), Journal of Natural Products

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  55. Florida Museum of Natural History — Research News

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  56. Fowler-Finn & Hebets (2006), Journal of Arachnology — University of Nebraska repository

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  57. GBIF

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  58. GBIF / Catalogue of Life

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  59. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  60. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy / Catalogue of Life

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  61. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, Deroplatys desiccata

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  62. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, Eublaberus posticus

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  63. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, Gongylus gongylodes

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  64. GBIF Species API

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  65. Gefen (2008), Journal of Insect Physiology — University of Haifa research record

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  66. German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  67. Giulian et al. (2025), Journal of Ethology — Penn State research record

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  68. Hasanuddin University / AACL Bioflux

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  69. Herpetological Review (Figueiredo et al., 2018)

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  70. Herpetology Notes — Barbosa et al. (2021)

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  71. Heying (2001), Animal Behaviour — Social and reproductive behaviour in the Madagascan poison frog, Mantella laevigata

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  72. IBERFAUNA — Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC)

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  73. Illinois Natural History Survey

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  74. Illinois Natural History Survey — University of Illinois

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  75. Illinois Natural History Survey, Cave Salamander

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  76. Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  77. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  78. ITIS

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  79. IUCN Italian Committee — Lista Rossa

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  80. IUCN Mediterranean — Species Summary: Triturus marmoratus

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  81. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group — Globally Threatened Amphibian Species

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  82. Jordan University of Science and Technology — Hottentotta judaicus

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  83. Journal of Chemical Ecology — Thomas et al. (2026)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  84. Journal of Economic Entomology — Wu, Hu & Appel (2017)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  85. Journal of Natural History — Ngo et al. (2022)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  86. Kasetsart University — Reproductive Biology of Flower Mantids, Creobroter gemmatus Stoll

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  87. Kleinteich & Gorb (2015), Royal Society Open Science

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  88. Loria & Prendini (2021), Cladistics

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  89. Lowe & Kovařík (2019), Euscorpius / Biodiversity Literature Repository

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  90. Marshall & West (2008), Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  91. Miller et al. 2012, The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (ZooKeys/PMC)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  92. Müller et al. (2022), Parasites & Vectors — PMC

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  93. Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia, Heteropoda venatoria species record

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  94. Museum für Naturkunde Berlin — Smooth newt species portrait

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  95. Museums Victoria, specimen COL 143738

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  96. Najafi-Majd & Kaya (2013), Amphibian and Reptile Conservation

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  97. Natural Environment Research Council: The Invertebrate Fauna of Dune and Machair Sites in Scotland

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  98. Natural History Museum of Utah — Deroplatys desiccata

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  99. NC State Extension

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  100. Neotropical Ichthyology

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  101. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  102. O'Hanlon et al. (2018), Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  103. Oliveira, Read & Mayer (2012), ZooKeys

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  104. Phasmid Study Group — PSG 1 care sheet

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  105. Phasmid Study Group — PSG 1 species information

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  106. Phasmida Species File

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  107. PlanetCatfish Cat-eLog

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  108. PLOS ONE — Starrett et al. (2012), Early Events in the Evolution of Spider Silk Genes

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  109. PLOS ONE / Critical calls: Circadian and seasonal periodicity in vocal activity in a breeding colony of Panamanian golden frogs

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  110. Prendini et al. (2005), Organisms, Diversity & Evolution

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  111. Proceedings of the Royal Society B — Vidal-García et al. 2020

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  112. PubMed Central / ACS Biomacromolecules — Kiseleva et al. 2021

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  113. Queensland Government — Eastern dwarf treefrog

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  114. Ramirez-Arce (2015), Cuadernos de Investigación UNED

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  115. Rayor & Taylor (2006), Journal of Arachnology

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  116. Revista de Biología Tropical — Universidad Nacional / Universidad de Costa Rica — Herrero, Morales & Vargas (1983)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  117. Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetología — Mora et al. (2025)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  118. Scientific Reports — Sphodromantis lineola species profile

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  119. ScotCat

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  120. Singapore National Parks Board — Kaloula pulchra

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  121. Smithsonian Institution / Journal of Experimental Biology — Cryptic impacts of temperature variability on amphibian immune function

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  122. Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  123. South African National Biodiversity Institute — Pachydactylus rugosus

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  124. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI)

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  125. Sreedharan et al. (2022), Zoosystema — Ontogenetic systematic characterisation of an endemic frog Rhacophorus malabaricus Jerdon, 1870

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  126. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde — Revision of the Armadillidium klugii-group

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  127. Sulaeman et al. 2021 — Mitochondrial DNA within Nyctimystes infrafrenatus

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  128. Taucare-Rios, Veloso & Bustamante (2018), Journal of Thermal Biology — PubMed

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  129. The Herpetological Bulletin — Michaels 2016

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  130. The Reptile Database

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  131. The Reptile Database, Goniurosaurus orientalis

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  132. The Science of Nature — Cividini, Sfenthourakis & Montesanto (2020)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  133. The Scorpion Files (NTNU), Leiurus quinquestriatus

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  134. Toronto Zoo — Crocodile newt

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  135. Touchon & Worley (2015), Proceedings of the Royal Society B

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  136. Toxicon — Mebs, Wunder, Pogoda & Toennes (2017)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  137. Toxicon (Sinhorin et al., 2020)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  138. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  139. U.S. Geological Survey — Tarentola annularis (white-spotted wall gecko)

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  140. U.S. National Park Service — Arizona Bark Scorpion

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  141. UC Statewide IPM Program, Widow Spiders and Their Relatives

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  142. UF/IFAS Extension — Giant African Land Snail in Florida (IN904)

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  143. UF/IFAS Featured Creatures

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  144. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Scorpions of the Desert Southwest United States

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  145. University of California IPM — Decollate snail

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  146. University of Florida IFAS Extension

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  147. University of Florida IFAS Extension — Hercules Beetle

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  148. University of Florida IFAS Extension, Southern Black Widow

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  149. University of Minnesota Extension

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  150. University of Plymouth — peer-reviewed Lucihormetica verrucosa courtship study

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  151. USDA APHIS

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  152. USDA APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine

    Specialist reference, used as bounded supporting evidence when its documented scope matches the claim being reviewed.

  153. Water Research Commission South Africa

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  154. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  155. World Amblypygi Catalog (Natural History Museum Bern)

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  156. World Spider Catalog

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  157. World Spider Catalog (Natural History Museum Bern)

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  158. World Spider Catalog, Grammostola actaeon

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  159. World Spider Catalog, Grammostola iheringi

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  160. World Spider Catalog, Heteroscodra maculata

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  161. WoRMS

    Taxonomic authority, used to verify accepted names, synonyms, rank, and classification.

  162. Zoo Zagreb — Peruphasma schultei

    Institutional reference or guidance, used for information maintained by a public authority, museum, university, or conservation body.

  163. ZooKeys

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  164. ZooKeys — Fukushima & Bertani (2017)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  165. Zoological Science (PubMed PMID 23480375)

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  166. Zootaxa — The genus Peckoltia with the description of two new species and a reanalysis of the phylogeny of the genera of the Hypostominae

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.

  167. Zootaxa / Zenodo — Taxonomic revision of Lasiodora

    Peer-reviewed research, used when its methods and findings directly support a precise biological or husbandry claim.